Industrial Waste & Waste Management
Industrial Waste & Waste Management
Introduction of Industrial Waste & Waste Management:
Industrial scrap and trash include things like rotten raw materials, rejected parts, faulty components, garbage from manufacturing departments, and other items with some degree of economic worth. The appropriate credit of the amount should be taken in the books of accounts and they should be disposed of regularly.
Thus, waste management plays a crucial part in operational management. Wastes can be categorized into obsolete, surplus, and scrap items.
Obsolete items: These are the equipment and supplies that are in good condition and have a monetary value but are no longer necessary for the business to operate for a variety of reasons, including modifications to the product line, manufacturing procedures, and raw materials.
Surplus items: These materials and pieces of equipment are useless right now, yet they have accumulated because of poor forecasting, planning, and buying. They will, nonetheless, be useful in the future.
Scrap: Process waste includes things like turnings, borings, sprues, and flashes.
They could have a valuable commercial end usage within the plant. Thus, it ought to be disposed of regularly.
Sources of Industrial Waste
Characteristics of the Industrial Wastes
Inorganic salts:
Most industrial wastes and nature itself include inorganic salts, which render water "hard" and unsuitable for use in agriculture, industry, and cities.
Scale buildup from salt-laden waters causes municipal water distribution pipes to become less capable overall and to become more resistant to flow. Another drawback is that inorganic salts, particularly those containing nitrogen and phosphorus, can encourage the growth of microscopic plant life, or algae, in surface waters when the right environmental circumstances are met.
Acids and /or Alkalis:
A stream's acidic and alkaline discharge from chemical and other industrial operations makes it unsuitable for swimming and boating as well as for the reproduction of fish and other aquatic life. Sulfuric acid concentrations high enough to bring the pH down below 7.0 in the presence of free chlorine have been known to irritate swimmers' eyes. Air conditioner corrosion can be caused by low pH, whereas laundry is improved by pH values over 9.5.
Organic matter:
Rivers that contain organic matter run out of oxygen and develop bad tastes, smells, and overall septic conditions. Most people agree that 3 to 4 mg/l of DO is the crucial range for fish survival. Certain organic compounds, such as phenols, have an impact on the flavor of residential water sources.
Suspended solids:
Odors are released and oxygen levels in river water are reduced as suspended materials sink to the bottom or wash up on the banks. Fish frequently perish when a stream's oxygen supply drops abruptly. A river's ability to be used for enjoyment is destroyed by visible muck, which also produces ugly circumstances. The watercourse's turbidity is also increased by these solids.
Floating Solids and liquids:
They consist of oils, greases, and other things that float on the water's surface. These substances not only make the river ugly, but they also block light from entering the water, which stunts the growth of essential plant food. Specifically, there are several arguments against oil in streams:
It impedes natural reaeration; It is poisonous to some fish species and aquatic life;
It messes with traditional water treatment methods by adding tastes and odors to the water and creating a persistent film on sand filters.
Heated Water:
Condenser waters and other pollutants can raise the temperature of water, which can have several negative consequences on streams. Streams with hourly temperature fluctuations are challenging for municipal and industrial water treatment plants to process effectively, and heated stream water has less value for industrial cooling. Some industries can raise a stream's temperature to such an extent that a nearby industry downstream is unable to use it because warm water may have less DO than cold water, which harms aquatic life and reduces the amount of DO available for the natural biological degradation of any organic pollutants discharged into these warm surface waters. Additionally, when temperatures rise, bacterial activity rises and the stream's oxygen supply depletes more quickly.
Toxic chemicals:
Freshwater fish and other tiny aquatic microorganisms may be poisoned by both inorganic and organic toxins, even in very low quantities. Municipal treatment facilities often fail to remove many of these compounds, which have a cumulative impact on biological systems.
Color:
Tanneries, slaughterhouses, textile and paper mills, and other businesses all contribute to color, which is a sign of pollution. Color reduces photosynthetic activity by obstructing sunlight's ability to enter the stream. Moreover, eliminating color from raw water is a very challenging task for municipal and industrial water treatment facilities.
Microorganisms:
Bacterial wastes are occasionally released by certain businesses, including tanneries and slaughterhouses. There are two main categories of these bacteria:
Bacteria that aid in the organic matter's breakdown as the trash passes downstream. In addition to "seeding" a stream, this procedure may hasten the formation of oxygen sag in water.
Germs that are harmful to humans as well as other germs.
Radioactive Materials: Cumulative damaging effects on living cells.
Foam Producing Matter:
Receiving streams seem unsightly because of foam-producing material released by textile, paper, and pulp mills, as well as chemical factories. It is a sign of pollution and is frequently more unpleasant in a stream than oxygen deprivation.
Effects on Sewage Treatment Plants
The Pollution Characteristics of Wastes having readily definable effects on Sewers and Treatment Plants can be classified as follows:
Biochemical Oxygen Demand:
This strains the treatment plant's biological units and is often caused by dissolved and colloidal organic matter. Oxygen must be supplied to enable bacteria to proliferate and oxidize the organic matter. Increased bacterial activity, oxygen, and biological unit capacity are needed to treat an increased B.O.D. load resulting from a rise in organic waste, raising initial and ongoing costs.
Suspended Solids:
Paper and pulp effluents, among other industrial wastes, include significant amounts of suspended solids. Sludge is the term for solids that are removed by settling and separated from the running sewage. After undergoing anaerobic digestion, also known as digestion, the sludge is transported to drying beds or vacuum filters to recover more water. Compared to sewage-suspended matter, suspended solids in industrial waste may settle more quickly or more slowly. Sludge should be collected at shorter intervals if industrial solids settle more quickly than municipal sewage to avoid an excessive buildup: A slow-settling one will need bigger basins and a longer retention time, and it will also be more likely for sludge to decompose and cause other annoyances. During times when sewage flows. Any increases in system demands often call for larger sludge handling equipment, which may eventually force an expansion of the plant's capacity and result in higher operating and capital costs.
Floating and colored materials:
Visible and irritating annoyances are floating materials and colored matter from textile-finishing mills, such as oil, grease, and dyes. Normal grease loads in primary setting tanks will be removed by a modern treatment plant, but excessively high loads of mostly emulsified greases from slaughterhouses, laundries, etc. that pass through the primary units and into the biological units can clog air nozzles and flow distribution devices.
Volume: If a sewage plant's units are big enough, they can manage any volume of flow. All units' hydraulic capacities must be evaluated, sewer lines' carrying capacities must be checked, and all other treatment units must be built to withstand heavy loads.
Hazardous Constituents:
In treatment plants, noxious substances such as toxic metals, acids, or alkalis, fat fragments, flammable substances, detergents, and phenols can cause problems.
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